RESOURCES 


OF 


ARIZONA  TERRITORY 

WITH    A    DKSruri'TION    OF    THK 

INDIAN  TRIBES; 

ANCIENT  RUINS;  COCHISE,  APACHE  CHIEF; 

ANTONIO,  PIMA  CHIEF;  STAGE 

AND  WAGON  ROADS; 

TRADE  AND  COMMERCE,  ETC. 

BY  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 


S  A  N     FRANCISCO: 

FRANCIS    &   VALKNTINE,    STEAM    PRINTERS    AXD    ENGRAVERS. 

1871. 


INDEX. 


Acquisition   and   Organization   of   the  Territory,  Yuma  County 
and  the  Colorado  River  .................................   5 

Arizona  City  ...............................................   7 

Eherenburg  ....................  .  .........................     7 

JV*      ^  ^       ....,__.  g 

^V  .   9 

"X  .   9 

I  .10 

\  .11 

I  10 

~ 


r  .14 

1  .16 

I  .17 


I  ...   o  .21 

Yuma  and  Mohave  Indians  .................................  21 

Apache  Indians  ........................................  21 

Ancient  Euins  ...........................................  23 

Plants  and  Trees  peculiar  to  Arizona  .......................  24 

Advantages  for  Manufactories  ...........................  ....  2(5 

Mail  and  Stage   Roads  .  .  .  ,  ................................  26 

Wagon  Roads  ...................................  .  .........  27 

Projected  Railroads  .........  ..............................  28 

Price  of   Produce  ......  ............  ........  ................  29 

Military  Department  ....................    .................  29 

Civil  Government  .  .  .  .  30 


RESOURCES 

I 
OF 

•A 

ARIZONA  TERRITORY 

> 

,          WITH  A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 

INDIAN  TRIBES; 

ANCIENT  KUINS;  COCHISE,  APACHE  CHIEF; 

ANTONIO,  PIMA  CHIEF ;  STAGE 

AND  WAGON  ROADS; 

« 

TRADE  AND  COMMERCE,  ETC. 

BY  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  LE8ISLATUBE 


SAN    FRANCISCO: 
FRANCIS  <fc  VALENTINE,  STEAM   PRINTERS  AND  ENGRAVERS. 

1871. 


A.CT 


TO    AUTHORIZE    THE    COMPILATION    AND    PUBLICATION    OF 
INFORMATION   TO   PROMOTE  IMMIGRATION. 


Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona: 

SECTION  1.  That  A.  P.  K.  SAFFOBD,  CHARLES  H.  BBINLEY  and 
JOHN  G.  CAMPBELL,  are  hereby  constituted  and  appointed  a  Board  of 
Commissioners  to  prepare  and  cause  to  be  published  reliable  information 
upon  the  pastoral,  mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  Territory? 
also  the  cost  and  facilities  of  coming  to  the  Territory  by  the  different  rail- 
roads, stage  routes,  and  immigrant  roads,  and  such  other  information  as 
they  may  consider  of  value  to  persons  desiring  to  emigrate  to  this 
Territory. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Commissioners  to  prepare  the 
information  aforesaid,  as  soon  as  practicable,  and  they  are  hereby  author- 
ized to  contract  for  the  publication  of  two  thousand  copies  in  pamphlet 
form,  upon  such  reasonable  terms  as  they  may  deem  just  and  right ; 
provided  that  the  price  so  agreed  upon  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  three 
hundred  dollars. 

SEC.  3.  Upon  the  completion  of  said  work  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
Commissioners,  they  shall  certify  to  the  Territorial  Auditor  the  amount 
due  for  said  work,  and  to  whom,  and  the  Territorial  Auditor  shall  draw 
his  warrant  for  the  amount  in  favor  of  the  person  to  whom  the  same  is  due 
as  shall  appear  by  the  certificate  of  said  Commissioners,  and  the  Territorial 
Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  pay  said  warrant  out  of  any 
money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  to  distrib- 
ute said  pamphlets  in  such  manner  as  will  give  them  the  widest  and  most 
useful  circulation. 

SEC.   5.    This  Act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its 


Approved,  February  17th,  1871. 


PREFACE. 


In  presenting  this  pamphlet  to  the  public  it  may  not  be  out 
of  place  to  say  that  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Arizona  is  a  vast 
Territory,  nearly  three  times  as  large  as  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  that  it  contains  vast  pastoral,  agricultural  and  min- 
eral resources,  and  that  these  resources  are  yet  mainly  unde- 
veloped, arid  only  a  small  portion  of  the  territory  yet  occupied  ; 
and  also  in  view  of  the  fact  that  there  seems  to  be  a  prevailing 
desire  outside  of  the  territory  to  obtain  correct  information, 
caused  the  last  legislature  to  appoint  a  commission  and  make 
an  appropriation  for  the  publication  of  this  pamphlet.  The 
main  object  of  the  within  has  been  to  give  in  as  brief  space  as 
possible,  such  information  as  persons  desiring  to  come  here 
would  want  to  know,  and  above  all  other  considerations  to 
give  correct  information.  Many  things  have  been  written  that 
will  undoubtedly  prevent  immigration,  but  they  are  facts  that 
the  immigrant  should  know  before  he  comes  here. 

Many  who  do  not  desire  to  come  are  curious  to  know  about 
a  people  who  once  densely  populated  this  territory  and  nothing 
is  known  of  them  save  the  ruins  they  have  left ;  of  the  savage 
Apache  and  the  docile  Papago ;  of  the  useful  shrubs  and  plants 
that  grow  and  are  not  found  in  other  portions  of  the  United 
States.  All  these  subjects  have  been  briefly  alluded  to,  and 
as  much  'practical  information  given  as  is  possible  in  the 
limited  space. 


Organization  and  Acquisition  of  the  Territory. 


The  Territorial  Government  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona 
was  organized  Feb.  24,  1863. 

The  portion  of  the  Territory  lying  north  of  the  Gila  river 
was  obtained  from  the  government  of  Mexico,  under  the  treaty 
of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  Feb.  2d,  1848,  and  the  portion  lying 
south  of  the  Gila  was  obtained  by  purchase  from  the  govern- 
ment of  Mexico,  under  the  treaty  made  by  James  Gadsen  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  at  Mexico,  Dec.  30,  1853;  and 
extends  west  from  the  109  deg.  meridian  of  longitude  to  the 
115th  deg.,  and  north  from  31  deg.  20  sec.  of  north  latitude  to 
the  37th  deg.  parallel ;  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Nevada 
and  Utah ;  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico;  on  the  south  by  Sonora, 
and  on  the  west  by  California  and  Nevada,  and  contains  about 
70,000,000  acres  of  land. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

For  the  purpose  of  more  clearly  conveying,  in  a  limited 
space,  a  correct  understanding  of  the  general  features  and  re- 
sources of  the  Territory,  each  county  will  be  described  separ- 
ately. 

YUMA  COUNTY. — This  county  is  formed  out  of  the  south- 
western portion  of  the  Territory,  and  is  bounded  on  the  west 
by  the  Colorado  river.  The  valley  of  the  Colorado  is  from 
two  to  ten  miles  in  width ;  the  soil  is  rich  alluvial,  and  is  gen- 
erally covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  vegetation,  and  .is  well 
wooded  with  Mesquite  and  Cottonwood  trees.  Very  little  at- 
tempt has  been  made  to  cultivate  these  lands,  except  by  the 
Indians.  They  in  a  rude  way  produce  some  vegetables,  corn 
and  wheat. 


6  CLIMATE,    RESOURCES,    ETC. 

The  soil  and  climate  are  undoubtedly  well  adapted  to  the 
production  of  cotton,  rice  and  sugar  cane,  as  well  as  the  cereals, 
and  nearly  all  kinds  of  vegetables.  Experiments  made  in 
planting  figs,  lemons  and  oranges  encourage  the  belief  that 
these  fruits  can  be  raised  in  abundance. 

The  only  obstacle  in  the  way  of  extensive  and  profitable 
agriculture  in  the  valley  of  this  river  is  the  frequent  changes 
of  its  channel.  Its  waters  can  undoubtedly  be  controlled  by 
levees  and  canals,  and  it  would  be  policy  for  the  government  to 
make  liberal  grants  of  land  to  accomplish  this  object.  The 
water  once  under  control,  and  this  would  be  an  inviting  field 
for  investment  and  enterprise. 

The  Gila  river  runs  about  150  miles  in  a  westerly  course 
through  this  county;  its  valley  is  from  one  to  three  miles  in 
width;  the  soil  is  rich  and  covered  with  vegetation,  and  by 
irrigation  will  produce  almost  anything  that  grows  ;  it  is  un- 
inhabited, except  by  station  keepers  along  the  overland  mail 
road.  These  stations  are  usually  located  about  fifteen  miles 
apart. 

The  balance  of  this  county  is  mostly  high  table  lands,  with 
frequent  broken  mountains,  and  is  generally  destitute  of  water; 
portions  of  the  year  these  lands  are  covered  with  excellent 
grass,  but  until  water  is  increased  by  sinking  wells,  the  larger 
portion  of  this  belt  of  country  will  be  of  little  value. 

MINES. — Gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead,  are  found  in  lodes 
near  the  Colorado  river,  the  entire  length  of  the  county;  also 
placer  gold  in  considerable  sums  has  been  extracted.  No 
effort  has  been  made  to  conduct  water  to  these  mines;  the 
gold  has  generally  been,  obtained  by  what  is  called  the  dry 
washing  process.  To  pay  by  this  process,  the  mines  must 
necessarily  be  very  rich,  but  if  water  could  be  obtained,  they 
would  undoubtedly  pay  well,  even  when  once  worked  by  the 
other  process. 

Many  lodes  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  have  been  lo- 
cated, and  quite  a  profitable  business  engaged  in  by  shipping 
the  ores  via  the  Colorado  river  to  San  Francisco.  The  success 
of  these  enterprises  would  warrant  the  belief  that  by  the 
erection  of  machinery  and  properly  opening  the  mines,  they 
could  be  made  very  profitable  to  the  owners.  Along  the 


OP   ARIZONA  TERRITORY.  7 

southern  border  of  the  county,  extensive  and  rich  mines  of 
copper  are  found,  but  owing  to  the  high  rate  of  transportation 
have  not  yet  been  made  to  pay. 

TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. — Most  of  the  goods  consumed  on 
and  near  the  Colorado  river,  and  in  Southern  Arizona,  are 
shipped  from  San  Francisco  in  vessels  down  the  Pacific  ocean, 
around  Cape  St.  Lucas  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  thence  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado  river;  at  this  point,  the  goods  are  re- 
shipped  and  placed  on  barges,  and  towed  up  the  river  by  small 
steamers.  Until  recently,  the  trade  has  been  carried  on  with 
sailing  vessels  from  San  Francisco  to  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
but,  the  mercantile  community  requiring  more  speedy  delivery 
of  goods,  a  steamer  has  been  placed  on  the  line,  and  it  makes 
a  monthly  trip  between  those  points.  It  requires  about  ten 
days  to  make  the  trip  either  way,  and  the  charge  for  freight  to 
Arizona  City  is  $47  per  ton. 

TOWNS. — Arizona  City  is  located  at  the  junction  of  the  Gila 
and  Colorado  rivers;  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county,  and  con- 
tains a  population  of  about  1200 ;  one-third  American  and  two- 
thirds  Mexican.  It  is  the  principal  military  depot  of  supplies 
for  the  troops  of  Southern  Arizona,  and  the  goods  shipped  to 
merchants  in  Southern  Arizona  are  landed  at  this  point.  It 
contains  several  large  mercantile  houses,  one  wagon  and  sev- 
eral blacksmith  shops,  and  a  weekly  newspaper  called  The 
Arizona  Free  Press.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  adobes, 
and  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  Mexican  town.  It  is  a  prosper- 
ous business  place,  and,  from  its  geographical  position,  will 
undoubtedly  continue  to  grow  with  the  development  of  the 
country.  It  contains  but  one  church  (Catholic),  and  schools 
have  only  been  maintained  at  intervals  by  subscription — but 
preparations  are  being  made  that  will  undoubtedly  insure  a 
good,  free  school  the  most  of  each  year. 

Eherenburg  is  located  by  the  river  140  miles  above  Arizona 
City  on  the  Colorada;  contains  a  population  of  about  500,  and 
is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  Central  Arizona.  It  has  been 
built  within  the  past  two  years,  and  was  the  rival  of  La  Paz, 
located  five  miles  above,  but  the  superior  advantages  for  the 
delivery  of  goods  at  this  landing,  caused  the  rapid  decline  of 
La  Paz,  which  is  now  nearly  depopulated.  It  contains  several 


8  CLIMATE,   RESOURCES,   ETC. 

large  forwarding  and  commission  houses,  blacksmith  and 
wagon  shops,  and  in  addition  to  the  trade  with  Central  Arizona, 
large  amounts  of  goods  are  sold  to  supply  the  mines  up  the 
Colorado  river. 

CLIMATE  AND  HEALTH. — The  climate  from  June  to  October 
is  extremely  warm,  the  themometer  often  showing  in  the  shade 
from  115  deg.  to  120  deg.  of  heat,  but  singular  to  say,  proba- 
bly owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  there  has  never 
been  known  a  case  of  sun  stroke,  and  it  is  unusually  healthy, 
being  singularly  free  from  malarious  diseases,  and  invalids  in- 
flicted with  bronchial  or  lung  disease  are  always  benefited,  and 
often  cured,  by  a  change  to  this  climate.  From  October  to 
June  the  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious,  and  hardly  excelled 
anywhere. 

MOHAVE  COUNTY. — This  county  is  formed  out  of  the  north- 
western part  of  the  Territory,  and  is  bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  Colorado  river.  The  remarks  heretofore  made  of  the 
river  valley  in  Yuma  county  will  apply  to  this  county.  The 
county  lying  east  of  the  Colorado  river  is  generally  rolling  and 
hilly,  covered  with  nutritious  grasses  and  an  abundance  of 
wood  and  timber.  Stock  thrives  the  year  through  without 
prepared  food.  There  is  a  free  pasturage  in  this  county  alone, 
yet  unoccupied,  for  immense  herds,  and  many  valleys  of  ex- 
cellent agricultural  lands. 

MINES. — It  has  been  known  since  the  organization  of  the 
Territory,  that  nearly  all  the  mountains  in  this  county  con- 
tained lodes  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead,  and,  in  1863,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  develope  and  work  some  of  these  lodes  ; 
some  machinery  was  erected  and  considerable  money  expended, 
but  as  has  been  the  case  in  nearly  all  new  mining  counties, 
hostility  of  Indians,  extravagance,  want  of  experience,  etc., 
the  investments  proved  disastrous,  and  the  mining  interest  has 
been  paralyzed,  until  within  the  past  few  months.  Recently  a 
few  practical  miners  undertook  the  task  of  giving  new  life  to 
this  abandoned  and  almost  forgotten  field.  Upon  develop- 
ment, a  number  of  lodes  of  gold  and  silver  have  been  found, 
rich  and  extensive.  A  population  of  about  five  hundred  miners 
have  already  accumulated  in  the  Wallapai  mining  district. 
Machinery  is  being  erected,  roads  built,  and  mines  developed 
with  a  good  prospect  of  excellent  returns. 


OF   ARIZONA   TERRITOEY.  9 

The  inhabited  places  of  the  county  are  Mohave  City,  loca- 
ted on  the  Colorado  river ;  Hardyville,  six  miles  above,  and 
the  Wallapai  mining  district. 

TRADE. — Goods  are  principally  shipped  up  the  Colorado 
river,  and  landed  either  at  Mohave  or  Hardyville,  although 
wagon  trains  are  constantly  running  from  Los  Angeles  with 
goods  for  this  section  and  the  interior. 

Steamers  often  go  up  the  river  with  goods  as  high  as  El 
Dorado  Canon,  and  several  years  since  one  did  go  as  high  as 
Callville. 

CLIMATE  AND  HEALTH. — The  same  remarks  made  in  con- 
nection with  this  subject  of  Yuma  county,  will  apply  to  this 
county,  except  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  are  cooler. 

YAVAPAI  COUNTY. — This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north 
and  west  by  Mohave  county;  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico,  and 
the  south  by  Maricopa  county.  Nearly  the  entire  county  has 
an  elevation  of  from  5,000  to  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  several  mountains  rise  to  the  highth  of  12,000  to 
14,000  feet.  It  contains  large  forests  of  excellent  timber,  and 
many  valleys  superior  for  agriculture.  Grass  is  abundant 
everywhere,  and  the  advantages  for  stock  raising  cannot  be 
excelled.  Considerable  attention  has  been  paid  to  farming, 
and  with  the  exception  of  two  dry  seasons,  the  yield  has  been 
equal  to  that  of  other  favored  grain  growing  States.  The 
farmers  of  this  county  have  depended  entirely  upon  the  rain 
fall  to  grow  their  crops.  Experience  seems  to  prove  that  irri- 
gation will  have  to  be  resorted  to  in  order  to  insure  a  certain 
yield.  The  most  prominent  streams  of  water  in  this  county 
are  the  Little  Colorado,  Verde,  Salt,  Sipicue  and  White  rivers. 
They  all  abound  in  excellent  fish;  and  turkey,  bear  and  deer, 
are  plentiful  in  all  the  mountains  of  Arizona. 

MINES. — Owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Apache  Indians, 
prospecting  and  mining  has  been  much  retarded  over  a  large 
portion  of  the  county,  but  sufficient  explorations  have  been 
made  to  demonstrate  the  fact  that  it  contains  extensively  rich 
mines  of  gold  and  silver — scarcely  a  mountain  has  been  exam- 
ined that  does  not  show  rich  deposits  of  these  metals.  Placer 
gold  is  found  over  a  large  extent  of  country,  and  during  wet 
seasons  are  worked  with  great  profit.  If  water  can  be  carried 


10  CLIMATE,    RESOURCES,    ETC. 

to  these  mines  by  means  of  artificial  ditches  (and  it  is  believed 
it  can  be  from  the  Verde  river),  lucrative  employment  would 
be  given  to  hundreds  of  miners.  The  discovery  of  gold  and 
silver  quartz  lodes  are  so  numerous  that  it  is  out  of  the  ques- 
tion to  give  room  in  this  pamphlet  to  mention  but  one  or  two 
of  the  leading  ones:  The  Vulture  mine  at  Wickenburg  is 
principally  of  gold  ore  ;  the  lode  is  large  and  well  defined,  and 
is  being  worked  now  to  a  depth  of  about  300  feet;  200  men 
are  constantly  employed,  and  a  forty  stamp  mill  is  regularly 
operated  with  paying  results.  The  ore  is  drawn  on  wagons, 
for  reduction,  fifteen  miles,  at  a  heavy  cost.  If  machinery  was 
erected  at  the  mine,  vast  quantities  of  ore  that  will  not  pay  for 
transportation,  could  be  worked,  and  the  profits  on  all  would 
be  proportionately  greater,  and  this  mine  would  take  front 
rank  as  a  gold  producing  mine.  The  Bradshaw  mines  have 
been  but  recently  discovered,  and  have  already  a  wide  and 
valuable  reputation.  The  Tiger  lode  gives  promise  of  taking 
an  important  position  beside  the  great  silver  bearing  mines  01 
Mexico  and  the  United  States,  and  there  are  many  other  lodes 
in  this  district  that  prospect  well.  There  has  yet  been  no 
machinery  erected  for  the  reduction  of  ores,  but  many  tons 
have  been  shipped  from  the  Tiger  to  San  Francisco  that  has 
yielded  over  $1,000  00  per  ton.  With  safety  from  Indians  and 
capital  to  develop  the  mines  of  this  county,  many  millions  ot 
gold  and  silver  would  be  annually  extracted  and  put  in  circu- 
lation. 

TRADE  AND  FREIGHTS. — Goods  for  this  portion  of  Arizona  are 
partly  purchased  in  New  York,  and  shipped  by  K.  R.,  to  the 
terminus  of  the  Kansas  Pacific  R.  R.;  thence  by  freight  teams 
via  Albuquerque  to  Pres.cott.  The  cost  of  freighting  by  this 
route  is  about  $360  per  ton.  A  portion  of  the  supplies  is  pur- 
chased in  San  Francisco  and  shipped  by  steamer  to  San  Pedro, 
thence  via  Los  Angeles,  or  via  the  Colorado  river  and  Eheren- 
burg,  and  thence  by  freight  teams  to  Prescott  and  other  points. 
The  freights  by  either  of  these  routes  cost  about  $300  per 
ton. 

TOWNS. — Prescott  is  located  155  miles  east  of  the  Colorado 
River  by  the  wagon  road,  and  403  miles  west  of  Albuquerque, 
New  Mexico.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county,  and  the 


OF  ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  11 

headquarters  for  the  Military  Department  of  Arizona ;  con- 
tains a  population  of  about  1200  ;  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a 
valley,  surrounded  by  a  forest  of  pines.  The  buildings  are 
generally  constructed  of  wood,  and  have  the  appearance  of 
taste  and  comfort.  Its  ^reen  hills,  tall  pines  and  productive 
gardens,  give  it  an  appearance  of  beauty  and  comfort  rarely 
excelled.  The  people  are  energetic  and  enterprising,  and  use 
every  exertion  possible  to  overcome  the  obstacles  of  Indian 
hostilities,  high  transportation,  and  to  develope  the  resources 
of  the  county.  They  are  justly  proud  of  their  mountain  home, 
and  generally  desire  to  remain  there  for  life.  It  contains  sev- 
eral large  mercantile  houses,  two  of  which  are  fire-proof,  and 
would  do  credit  to  any  old  settled  town.  There  are  many 
families  here,  and  a  school  has  been  kept  open,  mainly  by 
private  subscription,  during  the  past  three  years.  Efforts  are 
now  being  made  that  will  undoubtedly  secure  a  free  public 
school.  The  Good  Templars  have  a  flourishing  society,  and  a 
Methodist  Church  is  in  process  of  construction.  Divine  service 
is  held  on  Sundays,  and  is  generally  well  attended. 

WICKENBURG. — This  town  is  located  on  Hassayampa  creek, 
about  90  miles  south  of  Prescott ;  contains  a  population  of 
about  500,  and  was  named  after  Henry  Wickenburg,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  Vulture  mine.  It  is  centrally  located  to  exten- 
sive mining  regions,  though  the  larger  portions  are  yet  unde- 
veloped. It  contains  a  number  of  mercantile  houses,  and  is 
destined  to  grow  with  the  development  of  the  county. 

CLIMATE  AND  HEALTH  OF  THE  COUNTY. — The  climate  of  this 
county  taken  altogether,  can  hardly  be  excelled.  Over  the 
larger  portion,  the  thermometer  rarely  shows  a  higher  degree 
of  heat  in  the  summer  than  90  deg.,  while  the  winter  months 
are  bracing  and  cool,  but  never  severe.  The  mercury  seldom 
falls  below  zero. 

With  the  exception  of  two  or  three  locations  (where  swamps 
cause  chills  and  fevers),  malarious  diseases  are  almost  un- 
known, and  bronchial  and  lung  complaints  are  always  bene- 
fitted  in  this  climate. 

MARICOPA  COUNTY. — This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Yavapai  county;  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico;  on  the  south 
by  the  Gila  river,  or  Pima  county,  and  on  the  west  by  Yuma 


12  CLIMATE,   RESOURCES,   ETC. 

county.  The  people  are  nearly  all  engaged  in  agriculture,  the 
most  of  whom  are  located  in  Salt  River  Valley.  This  valley  is 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  productive  in  the  Territory ;  has 
been  settled  less  than  four  years,  and  now  contains  sufficient 
population  to  sustain  a  county  government.  The  lands  are 
cultivated  by  irrigation,  and  there  is  an  abundance  of  water  in 
Salt  River  for  the  use  of  a  vast  extent  of  country.  The  people 
who  settled  here  commenced  with  little  or  no  means,  and  by 
industry  and  economy  have  constructed  irrigating  canals  and 
made  improved  farms,  and  are  now  in'a  prosperous  and  com- 
paratively independent  position.  The  products  raised  for  sale 
have  been  barley,  corn  and  wheat.  "Wheat  and  barley  are 
usually  sown  from  November  to  February,  and  harvested  in 
May.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  is  from  20  to  40  bushels  per 
acre,  and  of  barley  from  30  to  60,  and  sells  at  from  three  to 
four  cents  per  pound.  There  has  been  a  demand  for  all  the 
grain  that  has  been  raised.  After  the  wheat  and  barley  are 
harvested,  corn  can  be  planted  on  the  same  soil,  with  ample 
time  for  it  to  mature.  Much  of  the  land  of  Arizona  is  culti- 
vated in  this  way,  and  produces  two  crops  each  year.  The 
average  yield  of  corn  is  from  30  to  60  bushels  per  acre.  Vege- 
tables, with  the  exception  of  Irish  potatoes,  do  remarkably 
well.  Sweet  potatoes  in  particular  grow  to  a  large  size  and 
are  very  prolific.  Fruit  trees  grow  rapidly,  and  it  is  thought 
that  oranges  and  lemons  may  be  raised  in  abundance.  Experi- 
ments in  planting  grapes  have  proved  very  successful.  Vines 
in  two  years  after  planting,  produce  abundantly  of  an  excellent 
quality. 

There  are  thousands  of  acres  of  excellent  land  in  this  valley 
yet  unoccupied,  that  can  be  pre-empted  and  purchased  by 
actual  settlers  at  $1.25  per  acre.  It  was  once  the  abode  of  an 
immense  population  who  have  passed  away,  and  no  one  knows 
who  they  were.  Their  irrigating  canals,  constructed  with  con- 
siderable engineering  skill,  can  now  be  traced  for  many  miles 
over  these  plains;  and  ruins  of  houses,  that  were  once  the 
abode  of  a  large  population,  are  visible  on  every  hand.  There 
is  some  farming  carried  on  in  this  county  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Gila  River  as  far  up  the  river  as  Florence.  Above  this 
point,  owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Apache  Indians,  the  county 
is  entirely  vacant,  though  the  Gila  Valley,  for  two  hundred 


OF  ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  13 

miles,  presents  most  inviting  fields  for  settlements.  Large 
tracts  of  excellent  agricultural  lands  are  found  at  almost  any 
point  along  it  and  its  tributaries,  and  the  table  lands  and  moun- 
tains adjacent  are  covered  the  year  round  with  excellent  grass. 
A  colony  one  hundred  strong,  that  would  co-operate  together, 
could  take  possession  of,  and  hold,  any  of  these  lands  against 
the  savages.  The  county  north  of  the  Gila  Valley  and  east  of 
the  settlements,  is  generally  broken  and  mountainous.  There 
are  a  number  of  fine  streams  of  water  flowing  through  it,  and 
each  of  these  contains  many  rich  valleys.  Wood  and  grass 
are  found  in  abundance,  also  many  large  forests  of  heavy 
timber. 

The  savages  have  held  possession  of  this  section  of  the 
country  with  such  tenacity,  that  very  little  prospecting  for  min- 
erals has  been  accomplished.  Sufficient  explorations  have  been 
made  to  know  that  gold,  silver,  copper*  and  lead  exist  in  most 
of  the  mountain  ranges,  and  it  is  believed,  when  opportunity 
is  presented,  valuable  mines  will  be  found  and  worked.  An 
excellent  vein  of  coal  has  been  found  near  Camp  Apache,  and 
also  a  mountain  of  pure  salt  on  Salt  river.  Many  legends  have 
been  told  by  captives  who  have  escaped  from  the  Indians,  and 
by  Indians  who  have  been  taken  prisoners,  of  the  existence 
somewhere  in  this  section  of  rich  placer  mines,  but  all  efforts 
to  find  them  have  so  far  proved  futile. 

TOWNS. — Phcenix  is  located  in  Salt  River  Valley,  about  25 
miles  above  the  confluence  of  the  Gila  and  Salt  rivers.  By  an 
act  of  the  Legislature  Phcenix  has  been  selected  as  the  site 
for  the  Territorial  Penitentiary,  though  no  building  has  yet 
been  erected.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county,  and  has  a 
flour  mill  and  several  stores ;  there  are  also  a  store  and  flour- 
mill  at  Mill  City,  three  miles  distant.  There  are  many  fami- 
lies located  in  this  valley.  The  people  feel  a  deep  interest  in 
education,  and  a  free  school  will  undoubtedly  soon  be  estab- 
lished. 

CLIMATE  AND  HEALTH. — The  climate  and  health  in  the 
valleys  of  Salt  river  and  the  Gila,  as  far  up  as  is  settled,  are 
similar  to  those  conditions  on  the  Colorado  river.  East  of  the 
settlements  and  north  of  the  Gila,  the  climate  is  about  the 
same  as  Yavapai  county.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  more  healthy 
county  can  be  found  anywhere. 


14  CLIMATE,   RESOURCES,   ETC. 

PIMA  COUNTY. — This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
Gila  river;  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico;  on  the  south  by  Son- 
ora,  and  on  the  west  by  Yuma  county.  It  is  the  oldest  inhab- 
ited county  in  the  Territory,  and  contains  the  most  population. 
The  western  end  of  the  county,  to  a  line  drawn  north  and 
south  from  the  Gila  river  to  the  Sonora  line,  and  passing  a  few 
miles  west  of  Tucson,  is  uninhabited  after  leaving  the  Gila 
river,  except  by  the  Papago  Indians,  whose  habitation  will 
hereafter  be  described.  This  belt  of  country  is  composed  ot 
plains,  covered  with  grass  part  of  the  year,  and  considerable 
portions  of  it  with  mesquite  wood,  and  broken  or  detached 
chains  of  mountains.  Wherever  water  can  be  found,  grazing 
is  excellent,  and  experience  in  sinking  wells  demonstrates  that 
by  this  means  water  may  be  procured  almost  anywhere  in 
Arizona — but  without  thus  increasing  the  supply  of  water, 
much  of  this  section  must  remain  valueless.  The  south  bank 
of -the  valley  of  the  Gila  extends  the  whole  length  of  the 
county,  and,  as  before  described,  has  superior  agricultural  ad- 
vantages. At  Gila  Bend,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  the  valley  for  a  distance  of  twenty-five  miles 
is  from  five  to  ten  miles  in  width,  and  the  soil  is  of  the  richest 
character.  A  company  are  now  engaged  constructing  a  very 
large  ditch  for  irrigating  purposes,  and  offer  shares  for  sale  at 
the  cost  of  construction.  Those  who  are  not  able  to  pay  cash 
are  furnished  provisions  and  allowed  to  work  for  interests. 
There  are  many  thousand  acres  of  unoccupied  land  already 
surveyed,  and  subject  to  pre-emption  and  entry  at  $1.25  per 
acre.  There  is  a  large  volume  of  water  remaining  in  the  river, 
more  than  can  be  used  through  the  ditch  under  construction. 
This  section,  in  addition  to  being  well  adapted  to  raising' vege- 
tables and  all  the  cereals,  is  undoubtedly,  by  soil  and  climate, 
favorable  to  growing  oranges,  lemons,  figs  and  grapes. 

Passing  up  the  Gila  forty  miles,  the  Maricopa  and  Pima" 
Reservation  is  reached.  This  reservation  is  25  miles  long  and 
in  width  takes  in  the  river  valley,  and  will  be  referred  to  in 
the  description  ol  the  Indian  tribes  of  Arizona.  Above  this  re- 
servation, the  river  valley  is  extensively  farmed  for  twenty  miles, 
and  is  among  the  best  producing  lands  in  Arizona.  The  pro- 
ducts and  yield  are  about  the  same  as  described  in  the  Salt 
River  Valley.  The  county  south  of  the  Gila  and  east  of  that 


OF  ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  15 

heretofore  mentioned,  is  watered  by  the  San  Pedro  and  Santa 
Cruz  rivers  and  several  smaller  streams,  and  is  composed  of 
plains,  valleys  and  broken  chains  of  mountains.     Nearly  every 
portion  of  it  is  covered  with  nutritious  grasses  ;   live  oak  and 
mesquite  grows  in  abundance  for  fuel,  on  the  plains  and  in  the 
valleys,  and  many  of  the  mountains* are  covered  with  excellent 
forests  of  timber.     No  better  grazing  country  can  be  found,  and 
it  is  nearly  all  yet  unoccupied.     The  valleys  possess  excellent  ag- 
ricultural advantages;  with  irrigation  two  crops  are  annually  pro- 
duced on  the  same  land.     Many  of  these  valleys  were  settled 
by  the  Catholic  fathers  over  one  hundred  years  ago,   and   a 
history  of  the  changes  that  have  since  ensued  would  fill  a  large 
volume.     It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  over  a  century   ago,  these 
fathers  attracted  by  thesalubrity  of  the  climate  and  the  fertility 
of  the  soil,  established  several  missions,  improved  farms,  intro- 
duced herds,  and  built  churches,  one  of  which   is   still  well 
preserved  (the  San  Xavier,  nine  miles  south  of  Tucson),  and 
for  style  of  architecture   and  solidity   of  construction,   is  ad- 
mired by  all  who  see  it.     These  fathers  commenced  the  good 
work   of  teaching   and  Christianizing  the   Indians,  and    suc- 
ceeded admirably  with  all  the  tribes  save  the  Apaches,  who, 
as  Baron  Humboldt  writes  in  1803,  in  his  "Kingdom  of  New 
Spain,"  that  u  neither  the  soldiers  stationed  in  the  presidios, 
nor  the  monks  posted  in  the  neighboring  missions,  have  been 
hitherto  able  to  make  the  conquest  over  them."     Their  treach- 
ery and  ferocity  could  not  be  controlled  by  examples  of  Chris- 
tian purity  and  love,  nor  had  the  forces  of  Spain  the  power  to 
conquer  them  ;   and  the  deserted  fields  and  broken  walls  of 
these  missions  can  be  seen  to-day  as  undoubted  witnesses  of 
these    facts.     Since  the  occupation    of  the    country    by  the 
Americans,   a   constant   struggle   has   been  going  on  to  hold 
possession  of  the  rich  valleys  of  the  San  Pedro   and   Upper 
Santa   Cruz,   but  the  slaughter  has  been  so  great  each  year, 
since  1863,  that  almost  a  new  population  has  been  introduced 
to  fill  the  places  of  the  dead.     The  soil  is  so  rich  and  produc 
tive,  and  the  desire  of  the  people  has  been  so  great  to  live  and 
make  homes  in  these  valleys,  that  with  true  American  courage 
they  filled   the  broken  ranks  and  still  continue  the  contest. 
The  present  year,  the  Indians  have  swept  over  these  valleys 
with  unusual  ferocity;  many  have  been  slain  and  their  prop- 


16  CLIMATE,    RESOURCES,    ETC. 

erty  destroyed  "or  stolen,  and  unless  a  vigorous  war  policy  is 
soon  adopted  that  will  prevent  these  savages  from  sallying 
forth  from  reservations,  where  they  are  well  fed,  to  murder  and 
rob  at  will,  and  then  returning  to  be  again  fed  and  protected 
by  the  Government,  these  valleys  will  soon  be  abandoned  and 
turned  over  again  to  the  undisputed  sway  of  the  Apaches. 
These  remarks  may  be  considered  out  of  place  in  a  pamphlet  of 
this  character,  but  as  the  object  is  to  give  correct  information 
to  those  who  feel  an  interest  or  desire  to  emigrate  to  this  Ter- 
ritory, these  facts  should  be  known.  While  there  are  many 
locations,  such  as  along  and  near  the  Colorado  river,  the  Salt 
liver  and  settlements  along  the  Gila,  that  are  comparatively 
safe  from  Apache  raids,  yet  the  larger  part  of  Arizona  is  in- 
secure for  life  and  property,  on  account  of  the  hostility  of  the 
Apaches. 

MINES. — Nearly  all  the  mountains  contain  veins  of  gold, 
silver,  copper  and  lead,  and  long  before  the  country  was  pur- 
chased from  Mexico,  gold  and  silver  mining  was  carried  on  to 
a  considerable  extent.  After  the  purchase,  the  attention  of 
capitalists  was  attracted  here  and  considerable  money  was  in- 
vested with  fair  prospects  of  success.  About  this  time  the 
Great  Rebellion  broke  out  and  the  Confederate  forces  took 
possession  and  confiscated  or  destroyed  all  property  known  to 
belong  to  Union  men ;  then  the  Union  forces  re-took  the 
country  and  confiscated  or  destroyed  all  property  known  to 
belong  to  those  in  sympathy  with  the  Rebellion,  and  the  In- 
dians and  marauding  bands  took  what  was  left  irrespective  of 
creed  or  parties.  This  effectually  destroyed  all  mining  enter, 
prises,  and  to  this  day  they  have  never  been  revived.  The 
mines,  or  many  of  thejn,  are  undoubtedly  rich  and  extensive, 
and  the  field  for  the  investment  of  well  directed  capital  is  in- 
viting. 

TOWNS. — Tucson  is  located  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Valley,  three 
hundred  miles  east  of  Arizona  City,  on  the  overland  road  from 
San  Diego,  California,  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico ;  is  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Territory,  and  the  county  seat  of  Pima  county,  and 
according  to  the  last  census,  has  a  population  of  three  thousand 
two  hundred.  It  has  been  a  town  of  some  importance  for  a 
century.  The  Mexican  Government  had  a  military  post  here, 


.      OP  ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  17 

before  the  country  was  ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  it  is 
now  the  principal  place  for  the  exchange  of  commodities  be- 
tween Arizona  and  Sonora.  The  people  of  that  country  bring 
•here  wheat,  barley,  corn,  fruits,  salt,  coarse  sugar,  tobacco, 
cigars  and  other  products  of  their  country,  and  exchange  them 
for  goods  and  money.  The  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz,  above 
and  below  the  town  for  several  miles,  is  under  cultivation,  and 
produces  two  excellent  crops  each  year.  Tucson  contains  a 
number  of  heavy  mercantile  houses,  a  tin  shop,  blacksmith 
and  wagon  shops,  two  flour  mills,  hotels  and  restaurants.  The 
town  is  built  almost  entirely  of  adobes,  and  is  laid  out  and  has 
the  appearance  of  a  Mexican  town.  Seven-eighths  of  the  pop- 
ulation are  Mexican,  and  the  Spanish  language  is  more  spoken 
than  the  English. 

The  Catholics  have  a  church  (the  only  one  here),  that  is 
well  attended  and  supported.  The  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  have 
a  Seminary  for  Young  Ladies  that  is  attended  by  about  one 
hundred  and  sixty  pupils;  the  Fathers  also  have  a  school  for 
boys.  An  effort  is  being  made  that  will  probably  soon  result 
in  establishing  a  free  public  school  from  Territorial  and  county 
funds. 

FLORENCE. — This  town  is  pleasantly  located  at  the  head  of  the 
farming  settlement  on  the  Gila  river,  about  eighty  miles  north 
of  Tucson.  It  contains  several  mercantile  houses,  blacksmith 
shops,  and  has  a  Catholic  Church.  Rows  of  trees  have  been 
planted  along  the  streets,  and  it  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the 
pleasantest  towns  in  the  Territory. 

SANFORD  OR  ADAMSVILLE. — This  town  is  located  on  the  Gila 
river,  four  miles  below  Florence ;  is  centrally  located  in  a 
thriving  farming  settlement,,  and  contains  several  mercantile 
houses  and  a  flour  mill,  and  is  a  thriving,  growing  place. 

CLIMATE  AND  HEALTH. — The  climate  of  the  valleys  and 
plains  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  Colorado  river.  Ele- 
vated portions  of  the  county  become  cooler  in  proportion  to 
the  altitude.  It  is  generally  healthy  except  in  a  few  locations 
on  and  near  the  southern  border,  where  chills  and  fevers  pre- 
vail to  some  extent  during  the  Summer  months. 

INDIANS  OF  ARIZONA. — The  Pima  and  Maricopa  Indians  oc- 
cupy a  reservation  as  before  stated  on  the  Gila  river,  about 


18  CLIMATE,   RESOURCES,   ETC. 

two  hundred  miles  east  of  Arizona  City,  and  number  about 
four  thousand.  They  have  occupied  this  locality  as  far  back 
as  we  have  any  written  knowledge  of  them.  Many  years  ago, 
they  cultivated  fields,  also  in  other  localities,  though  not  faf 
distant  from  the  reservation,  but  the  continued  raids  made 
upon  them  by  the  Apaches  compelled  them  for  self-protection 
to  draw  their  settlements  close  together.  They  live  in  round 
huts,  made  by  placing  poles  ten  to  twelve  feet  long  in  a  circle 
of  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  diameter  at  the  bottom,  and  pointed 
together  at  the  top.  These  poles  are  then  covered  with  hay 
and  earth ;  only  a  small  opening  is  left  for  a  door.  Their  prin- 
cipal occupation  is  agriculture  and  stock  raising.  Although 
their  mode  of  agriculture  is  rude,  still  they  raise  all  the  vege- 
tables, wheat,  barley  and  corn  necessary  for  use,  and  sell  annu- 
ally about  two  million  pounds  of  wheat.  They  are  at  peace 
with  the  whites  and  all  Indian  tribes  except  the  Apaches,  with 
whom  an  uncompromising  feud  exists.  In  their  warfare  no 
quarter  is  asked  or  given  so  far  as  the  male  adults  are  con- 
cerned. The  women  and  children  are  generally  made  captives. 
The  Apache  captives  are  treated  as  well  as  their  own  people, 
and  very  soon  become  so  attached  to  their  captors  that  they 
cannot  be  induced  to  again  live  with  their  own  people.  In 
religion,  they  believe  in  a  Great  Spirit,  and  future  rewards  and 
punishments,  but,  like  all  other  people,  worship  a  deity  and 
imagine  a  place  of  rewards  and  punishments  peculiarly  suited 
to  their  intellects  and  condition  in  life.  They  are  very  super- 
stitious and  believe  in  witches  ;  often  make  great  sacrifices  of 
property  to  find  and  destroy  the  evil  one  that  is  generally  in 
the  form  of  a  stick  or  stone.  They  work  with  great  energy  and 
excitement  until  the  mischievous  object  is  found  and  destroyed. 
They  then  return  to  their  legitimate  labors  with  a  sense  of 
feeling  that  a  great  calamity  has  been  averted.  Sometimes 
they  imagine  that  one  of  their  people  is  bewitched,  and  in  such 
cases  his  or  her  life  pay  the  forfeit.  At  the  death  of  the  head 
of  a  family,  all  personal  property  is  either  eaten,  burned  or 
destroyed.  If  deceased  had  been  in  good  circumstances  and 
had  horses  and  cattle,  then  all  the  tribe  is  invited  to  the  feast, 
which  lasts  until  his  stock  is  eaten  up.  The  balance  of  his 
earthly  goods  are  placed  in  a  pile  and  burned.  The  property 
destroyed  and  eaten  is  supposed  to  be  placed  in  the  unknown 


OF  ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  19 

world  for  the  benefit  of  the  deceased.  They  are  simple  minded, 
and  have  but  little  knowledge  of  the  world  beyond  what  they 
have  seen.  A  few  years  ago  their  head  chief,  Antonio,  was 
induced  to  visit  "Washington  and  our  great  eastern  cities.  He 
was  much  beloved  and  confided  in  by  the  tribe,  and  the  many 
months  he  was  absent  left  a  void  in  their  midst.  Sometimes 
unpleasant  rumors  were  put  in  circulation  that  he  was  dead, 
and  when  the  time  approached  that  he  was  soon  expected,  the 
days  and  hours  were  counted  with  anxious  solicitude.  Finally 
the  glad  news  came  that  Antonio  was  coming,  and  but  a  few 
miles  away,  and  large  numbers  hurried  forth  to  welcome  him 
home  again,  and  there  was  joy  throughout  the  tribe.  After  the 
excitement  of  meeting  was  over,  the  tribe  gathered  round  to 
listen  to  his  recital  of  the  wonders  he  had  seen.  He  told  them 
of  the  immense  oceans  and  rivers;  of  untold  thousands  of 
ships  sailing  for  months  between  given  points  at  rapid  speed  ; 
of  the  iron  horse  fed  on  wood  and  water ;  of  the  immense 
loads  he  drew,  and  how  he  fairly  flew  over  mountains  and  val- 
leys and  never  tired ;  of  curious  machines  by  which  men  in- 
stantly talked  together  and  understood  each  other,  though 
thousands  of  miles  apart ; 1  of  the  immense  towns  and  cities 
he  had  passed  through,  and  of  the  countless  thousands  of  men 
under  arms  (it  was  during  our  Rebellion)  he  had  seen  at  one 
time.  They  listened  in  silence  until  he  had  finished  and  then 
waited  for  him  to  tell  them  that  he  was  merely  relating  a  fancy 
story — the  creation  of  his  own  imagination ;  but  Antonio  re- 
mained serious,  and  when  given  an  opportunity  to  regain  his 
reputation  for  veracity,  he  firmly  declared  and  insisted  that 
every  word  he  had  said  was  true.  Then  the  truth  began  to 
flash  upon  the  Pima  mind  that  by  long  contract  with  the 
whites,  the  tongue  of  their  beloved  chief  had  become  forked, 
and  he  was  no  longer  to  be  believed.  It  was  a  sad  day  to  the 
poor  Pimas,  and  an  unfortunate  day  for  Antonio.  He  is  still  their 
chief,  but  has  never  regained  their  entire  confidence,  though 
he  studiously  avoids  relating  any  more  of  the  marvelous  things 
he  saw  during  his  travels. 

Their  disputes  are  generally  settled  by  arbitration  or  a 
council  of  judges ;  and,  although  they  are  not  supposed  to  be 
governed  or  influenced  by  the  common  law  of  England,  or  the 
decisions  of  eminent  jurists,  still  in  a  decision  made  recently 


20  CLIMATE,    RESOURCES,    ETC. 

by  one  of  these  tribunals  it  will  be  observed  that  if  the  decis- 
ion was  not  in  accordance  with  our  enlightened  practice,  the 
reasoning  was  good.  It  seems  that  a  man  and  his  wife,  having 
but  one  child,  disagreed,  and  it  was  carried  to  such  an  extent 
that  they  finally  agreed  to  separate,  and  the  terms  were  all 
amicably  arranged,  except  as  to  who  should  have  the  child. 
The  wife  plead  that  the  tender  youth  needed  a  mother's  foster- 
ing care — that  the  tendrils  of  affection  clung  more  closely  to  a 
mother's  heart ;  but  the  husband  insisted  that  it  required  his 
strong  will  to  launch  the  frail  bark  properly  on  the  stormy  sea 
of  life.  The  difference  of  opinion  was  finally  decided  to  be 
irreconcilable,  and  it  was  brought  before  the  council  of  judges. 
Both  sides  plead  their  case  with  all  the  ardor  of  parental  love, 
and  each  showed  strong  claims  for  the  custody  of  the  child. 
The  judges  having  no  precedents  to  govern  them,  and  being 
only  desirous  of  doing  right,  were  sorely  preplexed  and  hesi- 
tated in  their  own  mind  which  side  of  the  scales  had  the  most 
weight.  Finally  an  old,  gray  headed,  patriarchal  looking  fel- 
low arose  and  said  that  it  was  a  certain  fact  and  admitted  by 
all,  that  the  woman  was  the  mother  of  the  child,  but  there  was 
no  positive  evidences  showing  that  the  man  was  his  father,  and 
under  these  circumstances  he  felt  constrained  to  give  the  child 
to  the  mother.  This  decided  the  case,  and  the  mother  was 
awarded  the  child. 

Their  morals  are  not  good  ;  like  all  Indian  tribes  that  come 
in  contact  with  the  whites,  they  adopt  all  our  vices  and  few  of' 
our  virtues.  Rev.  Mr.  Cook  has  established  a  school  among 
them,  and  seems  much  encouraged  in  the  progress  he  has  made 
during  the  brief  period  he  has  been  there.  If  an  earnest 
Christian  desire  to  elevate  and  educate  them  will  avail  anything, 
then  he  will  succeed. 

The  Maricopas  occupy  the  lower  portion  of  the  Pima  re- 
servation, and  in  habits  are  similar  in  every  respect  to  the 
Pimas.  They  are  friendly  with  the  whites  and  at  war  with  the 
Apaches.  They  formerly  were  a  part  of  the  Yuma  tribe,  but 
many  years  ago  a  feud  sprang  up  among  them,  and  they  were 
driven  from  the  Colorado  river  and  obliged  to  seek  a  new 
home.  The  Pimas  offered  them  a  part  of  their  reservation  and 
it  was  accepted. 


OF  ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  21 

THE  PAPAGOES. — These  Indians  occupy  a  section  of  coun- 
try about  seventy  miles  south  from  the  Pima  reservation,  near 
the  Sonora  line,  and  in  fact  their  settlements  extend  some  dis- 
tance into  Sonora.  They  speak  the  same  language  as  the 
Pimas,  but  have  mostly  embraced  the  Catholic  religion,  and 
are  much  further  advanced  in  civilization.  They  live  by  culti- 
vating the  soil  and  raising  stock.  They  are  peacable,  well-dis- 
posed, and  have  never  asked  nor  received  but  little  assistance 
from  the  Government.  They  are  at  peace  with  all  the  world 
except  the  Apaches,  but  toward  them  their  hate  is  intense. 
They  are  docile  and  kind  in  their  intercourse  with  the  people. 
Many  of  them  are  employed  by  farmers  and  stock  raisers,  and 
are  considered  excellent  laborers.  Their  women  are  virtuous 
and  industrious.  The  men,  like  most  Indians,  engage  in  poly- 
gamy, and  sometimes  drink  too  much  liquor. 

THE  YTJMAS  AND  MOHAVES. — These  Indians  live  along  the 
Colorado  river ;  are  and  have  been  for  some  time  at  peace 
with  the  whites,  and  have  received  the  largest  portion  of  the 
appropriation  made  annually  for  the  benefit  of  the  friendly  In- 
dians of  this  Territory.  They  have  received  just  enough  as- 
sistance from  the  Government  to  cause  them  to  believe  that 
they  can  live  without  work,  but  too  little  to  keep  off  the  gnaw- 
ings  of  hunger.  The  result  is  that  they  are  reduced  to  the 
lowest  stages  of  degradation.  Licentiousness  and  disease  are 
doing  their  work,  and  soon  these  Indians  will  pass  away  from 
the  face  of  the  earth. 

THE  APACHES. — These  Indians  are  divided  into  small  bands, 
and  are  governed  by  petty  chiefs  or  captains.  The  main  divis- 
ions of  the  Apaches  are  named  the  Coyoteros,  Pinals,  Tontos, 
Apaches,  Mohaves,  and  what  is  known  as  Cochise's  tribe. 
Each  of  these  tribes  or  bands  has  more  or  less  divisions,  arid 
are  governed  as  said  before,  by  the  petty  chiefs  or  captains  of 
such  band.  They  have  no  common  head,  and  when  the  chief 
of  one  of  these  bands  is  not  acceptable  to  his  people  he  is  re- 
moved and  another  chosen  in  his  stead.  In  this  respect  they 
are  republican.  They  have  lived  principally  by  theft  and  such 
supplies  as  they  could  obtain  from  the  natural  products  of  the 
country,  as  far  back  as  we  have  any  written  knowledge  of  them. 
They  have  levied  their  contributions  for  centuries  upon  Ari- 


22  CLIMATE,    RESOURCES,    ETC. 

zona,  New  Mexico,  Sonora,  Chihuahua  and  Durango.  They 
often  travel  hundreds  of  miles  from  their  mountain  homes  and 
unexpectedly  sally  forth  upon  a  settlement  to  murder,  burn  and 
destroy  and  capture  herds,  and  carry  into  captivity  women  and 
children.  There  are  many  Mexicans  now  with  them  who  were 
stolen  when  so  young  that  they  have  no  recollection  of  home 
or  relations,  while  many  were  taken  at  an  age  that  the  memory 
of  father,  mother,  brothers  and  sisters  could  never  be  effaced, 
and  such  embrace  every  opportunity  of  escape,  and  have  often 
returned  after  an  absence  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  years  to  glad- 
den the  hearts  of  fond  relatives  who  had  never  ceased  to  mourn 
their  sad  fate.  The  tales  of  anguish  as  told  by  these  poor 
people,  of  the  long  years  of  captivity,  of  hardships  and  hunger, 
of  fears  and  hopes  for  life  and  liberty,  and  of  constantly  wit- 
nessing the  murder  and  torture  of  their  own  people,  are  heart- 
rending in  the  extreme.  The  Apaches  are  polygamists,  and 
have  as  many  wives  as  fancy  dictates,  or  as  they  can  induce  to 
live  with  them.  The  women  do  all  the  hard  labor,  and  are 
often  treated  with  great  severity  by  their  lords  and  masters. 
They  have  no  matrimonial  ceremony  to  celebrate  the  marriage 
relation,  but  if  the  bridegroom  is  possessed  of  any  property  he 
is  expected  to  give  something  to  the  bride's  father  at  the  time 
she  is  taken  from  the  parental  roof.  After  marriage,  these  In- 
dians expect  and  demand  fidelity  on  the  part  of  their  wives,  be 
they  few  or  many;  and,  any  deviation  from  the  paths  of  vir- 
tue is  punished  by  cutting  off  the  nose.  The  writer  has  seen 
a  number  of  their  women  after  they  had  been  disfigured  in 
this  way. 

Repeated  attempts  have  been  made  to  place  them  on  re- 
servations, but  they  have  invariably  proved  treacherous  in  their 
pretensions,  and  while  being  fed  at  the  expense  of  the  Govern- 
ment have  often  murdered  and  robbed  citizens,  and  when  their 
nefarious  work  was  done,  return  again  to  the  reservation  for 
safety  and  rest.  There  are  undoubtedly  Apache  Indians  who 
desire  peace,  and  policy  and  humanity  dictate  that  they  should 
be  placed  upon  a  reservation  and  be  fed  and  guarded,  "and  not 
allowed  to  roam  at  will,  and  murder  and  devastate  as  has  been 
the  case  in  all  previous  experiments.  Cochise  is  the  most 
noted  of  all  the  Apache  chiefs,  and  while  all  other  bands  are 


OF  ARIZONA  TERRITORY.  23 

independent  of  him,  they  all  give  him  assistance  in  men  and 
supplies  whenever  he  makes  requisitions.  The  murders  com- 
mitted by  this  notorious  chief,  if  given  in  detail,  would  cause 
the  blood  to  curdle  in  any  one's  veins  who  has  a  heart  of  sym- 
pathy. The  misery  and  torture  he  has  inflicted,  if  portrayed, 
would  cause  amazement  that  a  just  God  ever  created  such  a 
monster.  To  the  personal  knowledge  of  the  writer  full  one 
hundred  have  fallen  beneath  his  hand  during  the  past  two 
years.  He  is  inventive  in  his  means  of  torture.  Women  are 
often  made  captives,  and  subjected  to  a  life  worse  than  death. 
Children  are  placed  on  spears  and  roasted  over  a  slow  fire,  and 
writhe  in  misery  until  life  is  extinct.  Men  are  hanged  by  the 
feet  and  a  slow  fire  kindled  at  the  head,  and  gashed  with 
knives '  and  pierced  with  arrows  until  death  gives  relief. 
Reader,  these  are  stubborn  facts.  Do  you  wonder  the  people 
clamor  for  protection,  and  feel  deeply  wronged  when  their 
brethren,  far  removed  from  these  horrid  scenes,  denounce  them 
as  barbarous  because  they  want  peace  and  these  Indians 
subdued? 

ANCIENT  RUINS. — This  Territory  is  covered  with  ruins, 
which  prove  conclusively  it  was  once  densely  populated  by  a 
people  far  in  advance,  in  point  of  civilization,  to  most  of  the 
Indian  tribes.  There  is  no  written  record  of  them,  and  it  is 
only  a  matter  of  conjecture  who  and  what  they  were.  Occa- 
sionally a  deserted  house  is  found  sufficiently  well  preserved  to 
ascertain  the  character  of  the  architecture.  The  walls  of  the 
Casa  Grande,  situated  on  the  Gila,  near  Sanford,  are  still  two 
stories  above  the  ground.  In  size,  the  structure  is  about  30  by 
60  feet ;  the  walls  are  thick  and  made  of  mud,  which  was  evi- 
dently confined  and  dried  as  it  was  built.  It  is  divided  into 
many  small  rooms,  and  the  partitions  are  also  made  of  mud. 
The  floors  were  made  by  placing  sticks  close  together  and  cov- 
ering them  with  cement.  Around  and  near  the  Casa  Grande, 
are  tke  ruins  of  many  other  buildings,  but  by  the  lapse  of  time 
the  decay  of  vegetation  has  formed  earth  and  nearly  covered 
them,  and  all  that  now  marks  the  place  where  once  a  stately 
mansion  stood  is  the  elevation  of  the  ground.  Near  the  Ancha 
Mountains  are  ruins  not  so  extensive,  but  in  far  better  preser- 
vation than  the  Casa  Grande,  and  near  these  ruins  are  old  aras- 
tras,  for  the  reduction  of  silver  ores,  which  indicate  that  this 


24  CLIMATE,   RESOURCES,   ETC. 

old  people  were  not  unmindful  of  the  root  of  all  evil.  On  the 
Verde  River  are  immense  rooms  dug  in  from  the  side  of  high, 
perpendicular  sandstone  banks  that  can  only  be  reached  with 
ladders. 

Very  littte  information  is  obtained  by  excavating  these  ruins. 
Pottery  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  ornamented  with  paint,  is 
found  everywhere,  and  occasionally  a  stone  axe  is  unearthed, 
but  nothing  to  indicate  that  they  were  a  warlike  people ;  on 
the  contrary,  scarcely  an  implement  of  defense  can  be  found, 
though  there  are  reasons  to  believe,  from  the  numerous  look- 
outs or  places  for  observation  to  be  seen  on  the  tops  of  hills 
and  mountains,  and  the  construction  of  their  houses,  that  they 
had  enemies,  and  that  they  were  constantly  on  the  alert  to 
avoid  surprise  ;  and  also,  that  by  the  hands  of  these  enemies 
they  perished.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  Apaches  were 
the  enemies  who  caused  their  destruction.  Indeed,  the  Apaches 
have  a  legend  that  such  is  the  case,  and  believe  the  time  will 
come  when  they  will  be  able  to  exterminate  or  drive  us  from 
the  country.  "When  we  consider  that  they  have  fought 
all  other  Indian  tribes,  and  have  so  far  successfully  resisted  the 
military  power  of  Spain,  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  this 
does  not  seem  like  a  very  unreasonable  anticipation.  The  ruins 
of  towns,  farms  and  irrigating  canals  that  are  to  be  seen  on 
every  hand  over  this  vast  Territory,  give  abundant  proof  that 
this  country  was  once  densely  inhabited,  and  that  the  people 
who  lived  here  maintained  themselves  by  cultivating  the  soil, 
and  that  is  probably  about  all  we  shall  ever  know  of  them. 
Many  hieroglyphics  are  to  be  seen  on  rocks  in  different  portions 
of  the  Territory,  but  who  made  by,  or  what  they  mean,  no  one 
knows. 

In  excavating  a  well  between  Tucson  and  the  Gila,  at  the 
depth  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  pottery  and  other  articles, 
the  same  as  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  ruins,  were  taken  out. 

PLANTS  AND  TREES. — Nearly  every  variety  of  wood  and 
plant  that  grows  in  other  portions  of  the  United  States  is  found 
in  Arizona,  and  some  that  cannot  be  found  except  along  this 
southern  belt  of  country.  Many  varieties  of  the  cacti  species 
are  found.  The  most  noted  is  the  Suwarrow,  which  grows  to 
the  hight  of  thirty  to  fifty  feet,  and  from  ten  to  twelve  inches 


OF  ARIZONA  TERRITORY.  ,    25 

in  thickness ;  the  main  trunk  is  straight,  and  has  numerous 
branches  or  prongs  that  grow  from  the  main  trunk  in  all  man- 
ner of  curious  shapes.  Blossoms  spring  from  the  top  of  the 
main  trunk  in  Spring,  and  when  in  full  bloom  the  top  looks  as 
though  it  waa  decorated  with  a  large,  beautiful  bouquet.  These 
blossoms  ripen  by  July  into  sweet  fruit  the  size  of  figs,  which 
is  much  prized  by  the  natives.  The  outside  of  the  Suwarrow 
is  green,  and  covered  with  regular  rows  of  thorns  running 
from  top  to  bottom  from  two  to  three  inches  long.  The  inside 
is  supported  with  ribs  of  wood  one-half  inch  in  thickness. 
This  wood  is  used  for  covering  houses  and  for  fuel. 

The  Amole,  when  once  known  and  appreciated,  will  be  con- 
sidered among  the  most  valuable  natural  productions  of  our 
country.  It  grows  three  or  four  feet  high,  and  has  long,  sharp, 
pointed  leaves  in  the  shape  ot  a  bayonet.  The  root  is  exten- 
sively used  in  place  of  soap,  and  in  many  respects  is  far  supe- 
rior to  any  soap  that  is  made.  The  hair  washed  with  it  remains 
soft  and  glossy  for  days  without  the  use  of  oil,  and  flannel 
clothes  are  perfectly  cleansed  by  its  use  without  shrinking. 
There  is  an  abundance  in  this  Territory  to  supply  the  markets 
of  the  world,  and  the  time  will  come  when  it  may  be  much 
sought  after. 

The  Maguey  or  Mescal  is  the  most  useful  of  all  the  natural 
products  of  the  Territory.  The  Apache  Indians  derive  the 
most  of  their  subsistence  from  it.  It  grows  in  nearly  every 
part  of  Mexico,  and  is  made  a  source  of  great  profit  in  many 
portions  of  that  country.  In  the  United  States  it  is  only  found 
in  Arizona  and  a  portion  of  !N"ew  Mexico.  It  has  a  large  head 
something  like  a  cabbage,  that  grows  a  few  inches  from  the 
ground,  and  is  surrounded  by  numerous  detached  leaves,  each 
one  stiff  and  sharp  as  a  needle,  and  from  the  center  a  stock  grows 
eight  to  ten  feet  in  night,  and  from  two  to  three  inches  in 
diameter.  The  stock  is  juicy,  sweet  and  very  palatable,  but 
the  head  is  the  valuable  part  of  the  plant.  The  Indians  cut 
this  head  out  and  roast  it ;  after  this,  it  is  ready  for  use.  It  is 
sweet  and  nutritious.  They  pound  it  and  make  it  in  the  shape 
of  mats,  and  in  this  way  preserve  It  a  long  time.  Its  juice  is 
often  extracted,  and  when  boiled  down  makes  a  syrup  as  deli- 
cious as  honey  ;  and,  by  fermentation,  an  intoxicating  liquor  is 


26  CLIMATE,   RESOURCES,   ETC. 

made  that  is  called  tizwin.  The  Mexicans  distill  it  and  make 
Mescal.  This  liquor  looks  like  gin  and  tastes  like  Scotch^ 
whisky,  and  is  as  intoxicating  as  either,  and  is  preferred  to 
almost  any  other  liquor  by  the  Mexicans.  Before  the  tax  was 
levied  on  the  distillation  of  liquors  large  quantities  were  made 
.in  this  Territory,  but  since  that  time  the  manufacture  of  it  is 
transferred  to  Sonora,  and  the  makers  take  the  chances  of  smug- 
gling it  in  without  the  payment  of  duties.  The  fibre  of  the 
Mescal  makes  excellent  -ropes,  and  cloth  and  paper  have  been 
made  from  it. 

The  Mesquite  or  Gum  Arabic  tree  grows  over  nearly  every 
part  of  Central  and  Southern  Arizona.  The  tree  is  low  and 
bushy,  and  seldom  grows  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter ;  the 
leaf  resembles  the  locust ;  the  wood  is  solid,  and  makes  excel- 
lent fuel,  and  is  extensively  used  in  making  wagons.  Gum 
Arabic  of  an  excellent  quality  oozes  from  it  in  consider- 
able quantities.  It  is  most  plentiful  in  the  months  of  May  and 
October. 

MANUFACTORIES. — The  opportunity  for  engaging  ki  the  man- 
facture  of  many  articles  used  and  consumed  in  this  Territory 
is  inviting.  It  is  estimated  that  fourteen  thousand  boxes  of 
soap  is  consumed  annually  by  the  citizens,  exclusive  of  what 
is  used  by  the  army.  Nearly  all  the  material  necessary  to 
make  this  article  can  be  obtained  here  cheap,  and  a  saving 
made  of  twelve  to  fifteen  cents  per  pound,  with  good  profits  to 
the  producer.  Hides  are  sold  at  seventy-five  cents  to  one  dol- 
lar each.  All  material  necessary  for  the  manufacture  of  leather 
can  be  obtained  at  a  low  price  ;  and  the  leather  used  by  the 
army  and  citizens,  and  paid  for  at  an  extravagant  price,  is  very 
great.  But  a  small  portion  of  the  bacon  and  pork  used  in  this 
Territory  is  produced  here.  In  this  Territory  bacon  commands 
thirty-five  cents  per  pound.  The  best  we  have  is  made  here, 
and  corn  is  selling  from  two  and  a-half  to  three  cents  per 
pound,  and  but  a  limited  market  at  that.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that,  with  the  best  of  ranges  for  hogs,  and  corn  at  this  price, 
the  business  of  making  pork  and  bacon  can  be  made  very  pro- 
fitable. Many  other  kinds,  of  business  might  be  enumerated 
that  can  be  engaged  in  profitably  which  seem  to  have  been 
overlooked. 

MAILS,  STAGES  AND  ROADS. — Mails  are  carried  three  times  a 


OP   ARIZONA    TERRITORY.  27 

week  through  this  Territory  from  San  Diego,  California,  to 
Mesilla,  in  New  Mexico,  via  Arizona  City,  Maricopa  Wells, 
Sacaton,  Sanfbrd,  Florence,  Tucson  and  Camp  Bowie,  and  there 
are  post-offices  at  each  of  the  points  named.  The  mails  are 
carried  with  regularity  on  this  route,  except  when  interrupted 
by  Indians.  Three  mails  have  been  taken  the  present  year 
east  of  Tucson  and  one  west.  From  Tucson  to  San  Diego  there 
is  a  very  comfortable  stage  line.  The  time  required  to  make 
the  trip  is  six  days,  and  the  fare  is  ninety  dollars.  From  Tuc- 
son to  Mesilla  a  buck-board  is  run,  but  the  road  is  not  safe  nor 
the  accommodations  comfortable. 

A  mail  is  carried  twice  a  week  from  Los  Angeles  to  Pres- 
cott,  via  San  Bernardino,  La  Paz,  Eherenburg,  Wickenburg  and 
Camp  Date  Creek.  There  are  postoffices  at  each  of  these 
points.  There  is  a  good  stage  line  the  entire  distance.  The 
time  required  from  Los  Angeles  to  Prescottis  about  seven  days, 
and  the  price  of  fare  about  ninety  dollars.  There  is  also  a 
mail  carried  twice  a  week  from  Wickenburg  via  Phoenix,Camp 
McDowell,  Florence  and  Camp  Grant,  to  Tucson.  A  weekly 
mail  from  Arizona  City,  via  Eherenbnrg,  La  Paz,  Mohave  and 
Hardy ville,  to  St.  George,  in  Utah  Territory ;  also  a  weekly 
mail  from  Maricopa  Wells  to  Phoenix,  and  a  weekly  mail  from 
Tucson  to  the  Sonora  line.  There  are  money  order  postoffices 
at  Tucson,  Arizona  City  and  Prescott;  and  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co. 
have  express  offices  at  Arizona  City  and  Eherenburg. 

WAGON  ROADS. — There  is  a  good  wagon  road  from  San 
Diego,  in  California,  crossing  the  Colorado  Eiver  at  Arizona 
City  and  following  up  the  Gila  to  Florence,  thence  to  Tucson. 
Considerable  freighting  is  done  over  this  road,  from  San  Diego 
to  Southern  Arizona,  at  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  dollars  per 
ton.  From  Tucson  this  road  extends  to  Santa  Fe,  and  is  excellent 
all  the  way.  This  road  can  be  reached  by  good  wagon  roads  from 
any  of  the  Southern  or  Western  States.  Goods  are  shipped 
from  New  York  to  the  terminus  of  the  Kansas  Pacific  Rail- 
road, and  brought  over  this  route  at  three  hundred  and  sixty 
dollars  per  ton.  Persons  desiring  to  emigrate  or  drive  stock  to 
Southern  Arizona  or  California,  will  find  this  a  favorable 
road  to  travel  on.  Good  grass  and  water  can  be  found  at  nearly 
every  point.  Emigrants  desiring  to  settle  in  this  country 


28  CLIMATE,    RESOURCES,    ETC. 

would  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  purchase  good  wagons  and 
such  stock  as  would  be  serviceable  to  them  after  they  arrived 
here,  and  come  this  way.  With  care,  a  company  of  thirty,  well 
armed,  could  come  with  comparative  safety. 

There  is  an  excellent  wagon  road  from  Los  Angeles,  via 
San  Bernardino,  La  Paz,  Eherenburg  and  Wickenburg,  to 
Prescott,  and  from  Los  Angeles,  via  Mohave  and  Hardy ville, 
to  Prescott.  There  is  also  an  excellent  wagon  road  from  Pres- 
cott, via  Albuquerque,  to  Santa  Fe,  which  is  connected  by  good 
wagon  roads  with  all  the  Southern  and  Western  States.  There 
is  an  abundance  of  good  water  and  grass  on  this  road,  and  emi- 
grants to  Central  Arizona  or  California,  or  persons 
stock  to  either  place,  will  find  it  an  advantageous  road 
on.  Emigrants  from  California,  or  coming  via  San  Francisco, 
can  purchase  at  Los  Angeles  or  San  Diego  teams  and  supplies 
at  reasonable  rates. 

The  fare  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego  or  Los  Angeles  is 
from  ten  to  fifteen  dollars.  Nearly  every  point  in  Arizona  is 
connected  with  a  good  wagon  road.  The  country  is  so  formed 
that  good  natural  roads  are  obtained  almost  everywhere. ' 

RAILROADS. — The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad  Company 
have  a  charter,  with  land  grants,  to  build  a  road  along  and  near 
the  thirty-fifth  parallel,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  road  is 
built,  and  the  cars  are  running  from  St.  Louis  into  Indian  Ter- 
ritory, and  is  being  rapidly  constructed  through  that  Territory. 
The  road  will  undoubtedly  be  constructed  to  the  Arizona  line 
in  less  than  three  years. 

The  Texas  Pacific  Railroad  Company  have  a  charter,  with 
land  grants,  to  build  a  road  on  or  near  the  thirty-second  par- 
allel, from  Marshall,  in  Texas,  to  San  Diego,  California.  The 
charter  is  held  by  responsible  parties,  and  it  is  confidently  ex- 
pected the  road  will  soon  be  commenced  and  prosecuted  to 
completion  energetically. 


OF   ARIZONA   TERRITORY.  29 

PRICE  OF  PRODUCE. 

The  market  price  of  produce  will  average,  at  Tucson  and 
south  of  the  Gila  River,  for  Wheat,  Barley  and  Corn,  three 
cents  per  pound. 

Beef,  on  the  block 12  to  15  cents  per  pound. 

Fresh  Butter 75     "       "         " 

Bacon 35  to  40     "       «         « 

Irish  Potatoes 6     "       «         " 

Eggs 75     "       "    dozen. 

Flour 6     "       "     pound 

At  Prescott  and  in  Central  Arizona : 

Wheat,  Barley  and  Corn...  7  cents  per  pound 

Beef. 15  to  20  "  "      " 

Fresh  Butter $1  25  «       « 

Bacon 35  to  40  "  "       " 

.Irish  Potatoes 8  "  "       " 

Eggs $1  "  dozen 

Flour 10  "  "pound 

MILITARY. 

The  Department  of  Arizona  is  under  the  command  of  Gen- 
eral George  Crook ;  headquarters  at  Prescott. 

General  Crook  assumed  command  of  the  Department  in 
June  last,  and  immediately  took  the  field  in  person.  He  has 
had  a  long  experience  in  fighting  and  managing  Indians  on  our 
frontier,  and  has  invariably  crowned  his  efforts  with  success.  It 
was  for  this  reason  the  President  of  the  United  States,  agreea- 
ble.to  the  wishes  of  every  friend  of  the  Territory,  placed  him 
in  command.  He  is  brave  and  energetic  against  those  who 
want  war,  and  just  and  humane  towards  those  who  want  peace. 
In  this  way  he  commands  the  love  and  confidence  of  the  latter, 
and  soon  convinces  the  former  that  it  is  useless  to  continue  the 
contest.  He  has  the  entire  confidence  of  the  people  of 
Arizona,  and  if  supported,  and  allowed  to  mature  and  execute 
his  plans,  a  permanent  peace  will  soon  be  given  to  this  long 
afflicted  country. 


30  CLIMATB,  RESOURCES,  ETC. 

GENERAL  CROOK* S  STAFF. 

Aid-de-Camp,  Captain  A.  H.  Mckerson;  Chief  Quarter- 
master, Lieutenant  Colonel  Charles  H.  Tompkins;  Medical 
Director,  E.  J.  Bailey;  District  Quartermaster,  Northern  Dis- 
trict, Captain  C.  W.  Foster;  District  Quartermaster,  Southern 
District,  Captain  J.  G.  C.  Lee. 

MILITARY  POSTS. 

Mohave,  on  the  Colorado  River,  three  hundred  miles  above 
Arizona  City,  Captain  Richard  H.  Pond  commanding. 

Camp  Hualpai,  forty  miles  west  of  Prescott,  Captain  Fred- 
erick Van  Vliet  commanding. 

Camp  Verde,  fifty  miles  east  of  Prescott,  Lieutenant 
Colonel  C.  Grover  commanding. 

Camp  Date  Creek,  sixty  miles  southwest  of  Prescott,  Cap- 
tain Richard  F.  O'Beirne  commanding. 

Camp  Whipple,  at  Prescott, commanding. 

Camp  Apache,  two  hundred  miles  northeast  of  Tucson, 
Major  John  Green  commanding. 

Camp  Bowie,  one  hundred  miles  east  of  Tucson,  on  the 
overland  road,  Major  A.  W.  Evans  commanding. 

Camp  Critenden,  sixty  miles  south  of  Tucson,  Captain  E. 
Miles  commanding. 

Camp  Lowell,  at  Tucson,  Major  H.  R.  Mizner  command- 
ing. 

Camp  Grant,  fifty  miles  north  of  Tucson,  Captain  Frank 
Stanwood  commanding. 

Camp  McDowell,  fifty  miles  north  of  Florence,  Major  N.  A. 
M.  Dudley  commanding. 

FEDERAL  OFFICERS  OF  THE  TERRITORY. 

Delegate  in  Congress,  R.  C.  McCormick. 

Governor,  A.  P.  K.  Safford. 

Territorial  Secretary,  Coles  Bashford. 

Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  Herman  Bendell. 

Chief  Justice,  John  Titus. 

Associate  Justices,  Isham  Reavis,  C.  A.  Tweed. 


OF  ARIZONA  TERRITORY. 

United  States  Attorney,  C.  W.  C.  Rowell. 

United  States  Marshal,  I.  Q.  Dickason. 

United  States  Surveyor-General,  John  Wasson. 

Register  of  the  Land  Office Eastman. 

Receiver,  George  Lount. 

United  States  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  Thomas 
Cordis. 

United  States  Assessor,  H.  A.  Biglow. 

United  States  Special  Mail  Agent,  I.  N.  Dawley. 

United  States  Depository,  C.  H.  Lord. 

United  States  Deputy  Collector  of  Customs,  James  E. 
Baker,  at  Tucson. 

The  Territorial  Government  is  in  excellent  condition;  the 
laws  are  as  faithfully  obeyed  and  as  well  executed  as  in  any  of 
the  older  States.  The  tax  levied  for  Territorial  purposes  is 
fifty  cents  on  each  one  hundred  dollars  of  taxable  property. 
By  the  first  of  January  next,  the  Territory  will  be  out  of  debt 
and  have  a  surplus  in  the  treasury.  A  tax  of  ten  cents  on 
each  one  hundred  dollars  has  been  levied  for  school  purposes, 
and  it  is  believed  with  the  amounts  that  will  be  collected  from 
county  and  district  taxation,  a  free  school  will  be  maintained 
in  every  school  district  of  the  Territory.  Considering  the 
murder,  robbery  and  destruction  of  property  the  savages  have 
carried  on  since  the  organization  of  the  Territory,  these  facts 
speak  well  for  the  industry,  honesty  and  loyalty  of  the  people. 


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